Neutrosophic Sets in Neural Networks: Theory, Applications, and Challenges

Authors

Vladimir Simic, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering, Vojvode Stepe 305, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia AND Department of Computer Science and Engineering, College of Informatics, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of KoreaFollow
Dragan Pamucar, Department of Operations Research and Statistics, Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, SerbiaFollow
Hafiz Muhammad Athar Farid, Department of Computer Science, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UKFollow

Authors' ORCIDs

Vladimir Simic: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5709-3744

Dragan Pamucar: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2488-9403

Hafiz Muhammad Athar Farid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8318-0750

Article Type

Research Article

Abstract

The integration of neutrosophic sets into neural networks presents a novel approach to handling uncertainty, indeterminacy, and falsity in data. Traditional neural networks typically operate under the assumption of precise and complete data, but real-world applications often involve noisy, incomplete, or ambiguous information. Neutrosophic sets extend fuzzy logic by incorporating three components: truth, indeterminacy, and falsity, allowing for a more nuanced representation of uncertain data. This paper explores the theoretical foundations of neutrosophic sets and their integration with neural networks, highlighting the challenges in computational complexity, training, and optimization. The paper also discusses the potential applications of neutrosophic neural networks in fields such as medical diagnosis, robotics, and image recognition. Despite challenges, neutrosophic sets offer significant promise for improving the robustness and accuracy of neural network models in uncertain environments. Future research should focus on developing efficient algorithms, standardized libraries, and novel evaluation metrics to unlock the full potential of neutrosophic neural networks for real-world applications.

Keywords

Fuzzy set, Neutrosophic set, Neural network, Decision making

How to Cite

Simic, Vladimir; Pamucar, Dragan; and Farid, Hafiz Muhammad Athar (2026) "Neutrosophic Sets in Neural Networks: Theory, Applications, and Challenges," Neutrosophic Systems with Applications: Vol. 26: Iss. 3, Article 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.63689/2993-7159.1326